以文化知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)英語(英語文化知識(shí))
1.英語文化知識(shí)
淺談?dòng)⒄Z文化知識(shí)滲透于英語教學(xué) 內(nèi)容摘要 語言是文化的載體，是文化的主要表現(xiàn)形式。
它是隨著民族的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的，是社會(huì)民族文化的一個(gè)組成部分。不同民族有著不同的文化、歷史、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和風(fēng)土人情等，各民族的文化和社會(huì)風(fēng)俗又都在該民族的語言中表現(xiàn)出來。
語言離不開文化，文化依靠語言，英語教學(xué)是語言教學(xué)，當(dāng)然離不開文化教育。隨著我國對(duì)外交往與民族接觸的日益迫切的需要，英語教學(xué)要重視交際能力的培養(yǎng)和隨之而來的要求對(duì)所屬文化有所了解的呼聲越來越高。
在英語教學(xué)中，教師應(yīng)努力培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化習(xí)得意識(shí)，使文化規(guī)范的教學(xué)與語言技能的培養(yǎng)同步進(jìn)行。 關(guān)鍵詞 語言 文化 文化差異 文化意識(shí) 在美國有這樣一個(gè)盡人皆知的句子："When you're down, you are not necessarily out."但是許多English learners卻對(duì)其含義不甚了了。
原因是不了解這句話的文化背景。這原是一句拳擊術(shù)語，在拳擊比賽中拳擊手若被對(duì)方擊倒，裁判數(shù)到10還不能起來則被判輸。
但在很多情況下不等裁判數(shù)到10，倒地的拳擊手便能爬起來再戰(zhàn)。因此，這句話的表層意思是：當(dāng)你被人擊倒，并不意味著輸了這場比賽。
其寓意為：當(dāng)你遇到挫折，并不一定喪失了成功的機(jī)會(huì)。 由此我們可以得到啟示：在英語教學(xué)中要注重語言和文化的關(guān)系，應(yīng)提高對(duì)中西文化差異的敏感性和適應(yīng)性，應(yīng)樹立文化意識(shí)并注重文化知識(shí)的傳授。
？一、語言和文化 語言和文化是密不可分的。語言不僅僅是一套符號(hào)系統(tǒng)，人們的言語表現(xiàn)形式更要受語言賴以存在的社會(huì)/社團(tuán)（community）的習(xí)俗，生活方式，行為方式，價(jià)值觀念，思維方式，宗教信仰，民族心理和性格等的制約和影響。
長期以來，在英語教學(xué)中語言和文化的這種關(guān)系一直未得到足夠的重視。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，似乎認(rèn)為只要進(jìn)行聽，說，讀，寫的訓(xùn)練，掌握了語音，詞匯和語法規(guī)則就能理解英語和用英語進(jìn)行交際。
而實(shí)際上由于不了解語言的文化背景，不了解中西文化的差異，在英語學(xué)習(xí)和用英語進(jìn)行交際中屢屢出現(xiàn)歧義誤解頻繁，語用失誤迭出的現(xiàn)象。如：用How much money can you earn a month？來表示對(duì)外國人的關(guān)心，殊不知這是一句冒犯的問話，侵犯了別人隱私（privacy），會(huì)激起對(duì)方的反感。
中國人以謙遜為美德，如當(dāng)外國人稱贊中國人某一方面的特長時(shí)，中國人通常會(huì)用You are overpraising me （"過獎(jiǎng)"）來應(yīng)酬，這往往會(huì)讓說話者感到你在懷疑他的判斷力；抑或是用"Where? Where？"來回答，弄得外國人莫名其妙，不知所云。美國社會(huì)學(xué)家G.R.Tucker 和W.E.Lambet對(duì)于外語教學(xué)中只教語言不教文化有這樣的看法："我們相信，任何這類企圖都會(huì)使學(xué)生失去興趣，使他們不僅不想學(xué)習(xí)語言符號(hào)本身，而且也不想了解使用這一符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的民族。
相反，幫助學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)語言時(shí)提高對(duì)文化的敏感性，就可以利用他們發(fā)自內(nèi)心的想了解其他民族的興趣和動(dòng)力。
從而提供了學(xué)習(xí)該民族的語言的基礎(chǔ)"。 二、中西文化的偶合現(xiàn)象與文化差異 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方，這被稱為文化的偶合現(xiàn)象。
這主要是由于不同的民族在與大自然作斗爭的過程中會(huì)有相同或相似的生活體驗(yàn)和經(jīng)歷。這種相似性必然會(huì)反映到語言中來。
因而在英語和漢語中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)許多相同或相似的表達(dá)。例如："披著羊皮的狼"，英語為wolf in sheep's clothing；"同舟共濟(jì)" ，英語為in the same boat；"破土動(dòng)工"，英語為break earth；"三思而后行"，英語為 think twice before you act；"藍(lán)圖"，英語為blue print，等等，這樣的偶合現(xiàn)象不勝枚舉。
文化的這種偶合現(xiàn)象，可以促進(jìn)English learners在目的語（target language）學(xué)習(xí)中的"正遷移"（positive transfer）。 但是，不同的民族所處的地理環(huán)境和歷史環(huán)境不同，因而對(duì)不同的事物和經(jīng)歷有著不同的編碼（code），分類；不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也導(dǎo)致了他們獨(dú)特的篤信，崇尚和忌諱心態(tài)；不同的民族因其發(fā)展的特殊歷史過程也產(chǎn)生了本民族自己的歷史典故，傳說軼事。
如：漢語中的"龍"，"生死輪回"，"八卦"，"陰陽"，"氣功"等，對(duì)不了解中國文化的外國人來說必然是云里霧里，不知何物。同樣，當(dāng)我們看到英語中He is a wolf這個(gè)句子時(shí)，還以為是"這個(gè)人很兇"，實(shí)為"他是個(gè)好色之徒"。
中西兩種文化的差異還可以從動(dòng)物的"文化附加義"的差異窺見一斑。 對(duì)于獅子的勇猛（brave），綿羊的溫順（gentle），狐貍的狡猾（sly），烏龜?shù)倪t緩（slow），豬的貪婪（greedy），英語和漢語的文化附加義基本相同。
但在老鼠，騾子和貓頭鷹的習(xí)性上，英語和漢語的文化附加義則大相徑庭。在漢語中有"賊眉鼠目"，"鼠目寸光"等成語，用以形容鬼鬼祟祟和目光短淺。
而老鼠在英語俚語中可指女人，怕羞的人。更由于迪斯尼先生創(chuàng)造了Mickey Mouse這個(gè)尤物，從而使得老鼠的形象大放異彩，成為千家萬戶所喜愛的動(dòng)物，尤其在兒童心目中，更是機(jī)智，智慧的象征。
至于騾子，在漢語中，"壽命長，體力大"是它的特征。而英語中騾子是"頑固（stubborn）"的代名詞。
漢語中人們用貓頭鷹象征不祥之兆，如"貓頭鷹進(jìn)宅，無事不。
2.關(guān)于“文化”的英語文章,急求啊·····可以講中國傳統(tǒng)文化,
What is a culture? Is it characterized by art or literature? Does it include actions, feelings, or thoughts? Is it ideas, objectives, or ways? What about beliefs or values, or customs or tradition? Is it something as simple as a field of activity or as complex as a neverending experiment?Culture is all of these, but it is true that it cannot be truly defined by a single stroke of words. In everyday conversation, the word culture might refer to such fields as literature, art, or music; yet scientists who study culture see it as something more complex, a way of life as well as acting, feelings, and thinking. And even within these "definitions" of culture there are different views on what exactly culture is.Painting a SceneSo what exactly is culture? The answer depends on you. However, it is not what culture IS that makes it so important and fascinating; it is what it means and what it represents. A culture defines and sets something apart from everything else. It makes something unique and therefore meaningful, not only to itself but also to the diversity of the world. A culture brings awe and inspiration as well as interest and curiosity.For thousands of years, the Culture of China has attracted and moved many people from all over the world, being so unique and one-of-a-kind as well as elegant and inspiring. The Chinese Culture, a culture that has evolved for thousands and thousands of years, contains rare beauty and enchantment with history. It has drawn so much interest that it is integrating with other cultures. Have you ever eaten fried noodles or kung po chicken at a local Chinese restaurant? Or have you ever seen the traditional style of the ch'i-p'ao used for blouses and dresses? You might have even watched Mulan, Disney's new animated film based on a Chinese folk tale. The Chinese Culture has played an important role in world society, and in China itself.With such a long history and old-living civilization, the Culture of China offers much more than anything or anyone could possible receive. For any country, and especially China, it is impossible to explore every little aspect of its culture. However, this site contains and explains general areas of the Chinese Culture for you to explore, the areas that have touched and lived across the world, the areas that best define China.The Chinese Culture has shown that China has become what it is capable of becoming. And with many many years still laying ahead, will the Culture of China offer even more？ 另一篇 christmas culture Christmas is the most magical time of the year -- the holiday itself centers around the most wonderous story ever told. This story has inspired countless other stories of holiday miracles. Long before the advent of motion pictures and television, the magic of Christmas was shared with the world through the written word of such classics as O. Henry's Gift of the Magi and Dicken's A Christmas Carol. In the spirit of those classic Christmas tales, we proudly present this collection of original Christmas stories. We hope that these stories brighten your holiday and help you to rediscover the spirit of Christmas。
when miracles happen and dreams come true.。
3.The Importance Of culture learning in English language communication
A new language opens up a whole new culture. A foreign language gives us access to another culture, and our lives take on a new dimension. The great German poet, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, said in 1827: "Whoever is not acquainted with foreign languages knows nothing of his own." Seen like that, learning a language is almost comparable to a journey of discovery - and if we remember the great explorers and the 18th century gentleman's grand tour, you might almost call it a British invention.
Conversely, to lose a language is to lose a whole culture. This realisation has led to determined efforts to preserve minority languages, including, for example, in Britain, with the renaissance of the Welsh and Gaelic languages. There are similar widespread efforts in Britain to promote community languages, for example by providing application forms in Urdu or other languages. It is a fundamental truth that cultures define themselves through languages.
4.中國文化的英語作文（120）詞帶翻譯
Grow pu happily and healthily is the theme of people pursuring all the time.For children,it means playing games happily and do not come into contact with the danger,studying hard and have a health body.For adults,it means facing and dispoing of the difficulties positively.Everything has the other side.It is valuable to held the optimistic attithde to the life.Then how can we do this?
Keep studying and improving yourself continuously.Not only the rigid contents in the books,but also the great people or things around you.It is necessary go outside to exercise.As the saying gose,a health body is the basic of everything.For example,taking part in the comminity aactivities,fostering the interests.
5.寫一篇有關(guān)于“文化”的英語作文
寫一篇關(guān)于“山寨文化”的可以么？我覺得這種文化的關(guān)注比較少，會(huì)有亮點(diǎn)。
On Shanzhai Culture
Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen!It's an honor to give you a speech, and the title of my speech is "on Shanzhai culture".
The Chinese word "Shanzhai" literally means small mountain village,but it's now used to describe products that have names similar to famous brands or people who imitate celebrities. Products of "Shanzhai" usually have no good quality,but they are cheaper in price!
In my opinion, "Shanzhai" has become a culture of its own, representing non-mainstream ideas.It's a new way for common people to enjoy a better life with less money.
Generally speaking ,only if we make good use of "Shanzhai"culture, can we benefit from it.
大致意思就是說了一下現(xiàn)在的“山寨”文化的原本涵義以及現(xiàn)在衍生成為一種文化，山寨在價(jià)格上占有優(yōu)勢，但質(zhì)量不是很好，我們只有好好利用山寨文化，才能用較少的金錢過上更好的日子。
6.要一篇關(guān)于基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)重要性的英語作文在100字左右,最好帶翻譯
With the fast development of our society, life-long learning has become very important for everyone. This is because one needs lo acquire new knowledge continuously in order to meet the needs of his work. There are several ways for one to learn life-long. One way is to take a part-time education program. That means, one is studying part time while he is working. The program could be at undergraduate level or graduate level. The second way is to study by yourself. You can learn whatever you need for your work on your own. You can learn from books, from TV programs or from radio. I think that life-long learning is very necessary to us. We can choose either of the two ways mentioned above, It depends on your personal preference and interest. I prefer the first one because this kind of learning is systematic and formal. With the help of the teachers, it is easier to learn and quicker to get what you need for your work. 翻譯如下： 隨著社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，終身學(xué)習(xí)已成為對(duì)每個(gè)人來說都非常重要。
這是因?yàn)槿诵枰粩喃@得新知識(shí)，以滿足工作的需要。有幾種方式給一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
一種方法是采取兼職教育項(xiàng)目。這意味著從事他正在研究部分。
這個(gè)項(xiàng)目可能在本科生或研究生水平。第二種方法是研究自己。
你可以為你自己工作學(xué)習(xí)任何你需要的。你可以從書中學(xué)習(xí)，從電視節(jié)目或收音機(jī)。
我認(rèn)為終身學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)我們是非常必要的。我們可以選擇上述兩種方法中的任何一個(gè)，這取決于你的個(gè)人喜好和興趣。
我更喜歡第一個(gè)，因?yàn)檫@種學(xué)習(xí)是系統(tǒng)的、正式的。在老師的幫助下，更容易學(xué)習(xí)和更快地得到你需要你的工作。
7.英語文化小知識(shí)
or it to be made up entirely from within the continent, the Americans among others had argued that Africa does not have enough trained soldiers to make up a credible and effective force. Here's David Bamford. Mr. Konare's comments, following talks with President Omar al-Bashir in Sudan, are likely to raise eyebrows on the UN Security Council, which has been battling with the Sudanese leader for months on a compromise resolution that would specifically allow non-African peacekeepers to join the revamped Darfur force. There is already an African Union force in Darfur, but it's poorly trained, ill-equipped and only 7,000 in number. The UN is talking about something much more robust, able to stand up to the Janjaweed and rebel militias in Darfur. A foreign man who had been kidnapped in the oil producing region of southern Nigeria has died shortly after being set free. Officials said the man was released by the hostage takers near the town of Yenagoa. Election observers in Sierra Leone have said Saturday's presidential and parliamentary elections were free, fair and credible. They said the ballot went smoothly and the presence of police had given confidence to voters. The European Union's Chief Election Observer Marie-Anne Isler Beguin said she was satisfied with how the election was conducted. "Of course we have a good view now, a good picture of what happened yesterday and we at this moment can be satisfied of the global participation and the global organization." It was Sierra Leone's first election since the departure of the United Nations' peacekeepers who had steered its recovery from years of civil war. The Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has called on leaders of the main parliamentary factions to hold talks within the next two days to try to resolve a political crisis. Two factions have recently withdrawn from the national unity cabinet saying it had failed to end sectarianism. The cabinet is now narrowly based on Shiite Muslim religious parties and Kurdish groups and it has almost no Sunni Arab members. United Nations Children's Fund is making an urgent appeal for women in Iraq to breastfeed their children rather than use infant formula milk. Infant formula needs to be mixed with water and UNICEF says diarrhea caused by water contamination is one of the biggest killers of Iraqi children. A senior Afghan official says he now expects two South Koreans being held by Taliban militants will be released within the next 24 hours. A Taliban spokesman said on Saturday the two Korean women who are said to be unwell had already been released, but this was not confirmed. The authorities in Guatemala say they've rescued 46 more children and babies they think may have been taken from their parents for illegal adoption by foreigners. Police say the infants were found at a house in the city of Antigua after neighbors reported seeing foreigners collecting children there every day. Daniel Schweimler reports. The authority is now investigating whether the children were stolen or their parents were coerced into giving them up. The attorney general's office said that few of the children had the necessary paperwork and the house did not have permission to operate as an adoption center. Last year couples in the United States adopted more than 4,000 infants from Guatemala where it can take half the time and cost considerably less than it does elsewhere. International diplomats leading the latest talks on the future of Kosovo say the partition of the province which is still technically part of Serbia might be possible if both Serbs and Albanians agree. The comments appeared to mark a change in policy. Until now, the international community had insisted that the province stay as one. Nick Thorpe reports. The United States, Russia and the European Union have the unenviable task of trying to broker a deal for Kosovo acceptable to all sides after all other efforts have failed. Wolfgang Ischinger, the EU envoy, told reporters that all options were open to resolve the deadlock, which has reined since the aerial bombing campaign by NATO forced the Serb police and army out of the province eight years ago. A court in China has given a one-year prison sentence and a fine about 130 dollars to a television journalist Zi Beijia who made up a recent report about street vendors in Beijing selling meat buns stuffed with chemicals and cardboard. Mr. Zi's report received wide circulation abroad, embarrassing the government at a time when China is facing 。
8.語言知識(shí)和文化知識(shí)哪個(gè)更重要 英語作文
跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)和提高成為當(dāng)今教育界普遍關(guān)注的話題，提高跨文化交際能力就要求學(xué)生對(duì)語言所折射的文化有深入的了解。
這一教學(xué)目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)必然要依托于課堂上教師對(duì)學(xué)生的文化導(dǎo)入，因此文化導(dǎo)入便成為語言教學(xué)過程中一重要環(huán)節(jié)。基于這一原因和現(xiàn)象，本文著重論述了課堂上教師進(jìn)行文化知識(shí)滲透的重要性。
1.引言 美國人類學(xué)教授、社會(huì)語言學(xué)家德爾·海姆斯（Dell Hymes,1972）首先提出了交際能力學(xué)說。80年代初，加拿大學(xué)者卡納爾和斯溫（Cenale & Swain,1980/1983）拓展了交際能力的相關(guān)概念，豐富了焦急能力學(xué)說的內(nèi)容。
他們提出交際能力至少包含語法能力、社會(huì)語言能力、語篇能力和策略能力等四方面的知識(shí)與技能。因此，教學(xué)中對(duì)提高學(xué)生的交際能力也越來越受到關(guān)注。
而英語學(xué)習(xí)的過程，涉及到了交際雙方來自不同的文化背景。只有強(qiáng)化學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力才能更好地跨越不同的文化障礙，有效地進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。
在對(duì)大學(xué)生跨文化交際能力的現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查（高永晨，2006）中，調(diào)查者發(fā)現(xiàn)如今學(xué)多原因?qū)е陆裉齑髮W(xué)生跨文化交際能力不強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)狀。而導(dǎo)致這一狀況的原因在于學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)語言所蘊(yùn)含的文化知識(shí)不夠了解，因此就不能準(zhǔn)確地道地應(yīng)用語言。
對(duì)于學(xué)生來說，較為系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行語言學(xué)習(xí)的地點(diǎn)莫過于課堂，因此在教學(xué)過程中文化導(dǎo)入這一重要環(huán)節(jié)也必然要給予足夠的重視。 2.文化知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)的重要性 2.1文化錯(cuò)誤影響語言學(xué)習(xí)的純粹性 語言學(xué)習(xí)者在語言習(xí)得的過程中會(huì)遇到各種各樣的障礙。
造成這些語言學(xué)習(xí)的障礙時(shí)多方面的。其中一重要原因就需要看語言與文化的關(guān)系。
一方面，語言是文化的一個(gè)特殊組成部分，是傳遞文化的載體，是文化不可分割的部分，沒有語言就沒有文化；另一方面，語言又受文化的影響，反映文化、理解語言必須了解文化，理解文化必須了解語言，語言和文化是相輔相成、相互影響和密不可分的。因此語言學(xué)習(xí)與文化學(xué)習(xí)也是同樣不能孤立開來的。
學(xué)生在英語語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程中頻頻出現(xiàn)文化錯(cuò)誤，這些文化錯(cuò)誤大大影響了語言學(xué)習(xí)的流暢性。語言是思維的工具，也是思維的主要表現(xiàn)形式。
思維方式的不同必然影響表達(dá)思想內(nèi)容的語言形式的不同，思維方式的差異即成為學(xué)生犯文化錯(cuò)誤的原因之一。不同于漢語語句，英語句子中的語法成分有其獨(dú)立作用，以謂語為核心來控制句內(nèi)各種成分。
涉及動(dòng)作含義的句內(nèi)其它成分要以非謂語形式或從句按規(guī)則與主謂結(jié)構(gòu)相連。但學(xué)生在英語語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程中這樣的句子并不少見。
①I have many companions dream of going abroad. ②Although I tried,but I still failed. 這樣的句子正是由于中國的思維習(xí)慣而生成的“中國式英語”的例子。如果不改變漢語的思維方式，像這樣不倫不類的句子會(huì)繼續(xù)滋生，學(xué)習(xí)地道、純粹的英語將面臨巨大障礙。
2.2母語文化干擾 文化干擾是指學(xué)習(xí)者不知不覺地將本民族的習(xí)慣或文化模式套用到或下意識(shí)地強(qiáng)加到所學(xué)的目的語上去，從而產(chǎn)生理解上的偏誤，甚至導(dǎo)致交際的失敗。每種語言都是一種特定文化形態(tài)的載體，習(xí)慣于某種文化的人往往不把自己的習(xí)以為常的行為看作受某些內(nèi)在的符號(hào)規(guī)律所支配。
一種文化觀念越是強(qiáng)大，這種文化符號(hào)及其表意功能就越是不為人所自覺意識(shí)。如果我們把語言這個(gè)最典型的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)作為模式，我們就必須努力排除視非語言符號(hào)為理所當(dāng)然的思想習(xí)慣，把注意力引向它們的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)及其約定俗成的基礎(chǔ)。
這樣學(xué)生在目的語學(xué)習(xí)的過程中就會(huì)很少，進(jìn)而不出現(xiàn)以下尷尬對(duì)話所導(dǎo)致的交際障礙。 ③—Your dress is really nice！ —No,no!Where,where！ 當(dāng)然，教師在英語教學(xué)過程中要把握好對(duì)目的語文化的重視程度，要避免由于過于強(qiáng)調(diào)目的語文化導(dǎo)入而造成的在英語學(xué)習(xí)中母語文化缺失的現(xiàn)象，這樣才能更好地兼容語言教學(xué)和文化教學(xué)。
轉(zhuǎn)2.3當(dāng)代大學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力不夠 由于我國教育體制受“應(yīng)試教育”的影響，學(xué)生的聽、說、讀、寫、譯等語言能力的學(xué)習(xí)能力與其跨文化交際能力并不成正比。這即是“高分低能”的表現(xiàn)之一。
很多學(xué)生對(duì)于跨文化方面知識(shí)、對(duì)西方習(xí)俗的了解程度、對(duì)非語言交際了解程度都不夠深入，因此與外國人交往時(shí)就很被動(dòng)，這些都是學(xué)生跨文化交際能力不強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)。美國外語教學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)（American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Language）在其編寫的外語教學(xué)大綱中把社會(huì)文化能力列入交際能力中，這樣跨文化能力就成了與語言運(yùn)用能力并行的另外一種能力。
在外語教育界，有一股更強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力促使廣大師生意識(shí)到語言能力教育已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足他們的要求，跨文化交際能力是外語教育的最終目的。 3.文化知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)要行之有效 在英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中，影響文化知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)因素是多方面的。
教師應(yīng)該采用靈活多變的方法提高學(xué)生對(duì)文化的敏感性，培養(yǎng)文化意識(shí)。教材中不符合文化現(xiàn)象的內(nèi)容是不容忽視的，它會(huì)直接影響學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)目的語的把握和運(yùn)用。
因此教材選編上要兼顧知識(shí)性和文化性，同時(shí)還要捕捉學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興奮點(diǎn)，以此促進(jìn)學(xué)生有效學(xué)習(xí)。 教師在課堂教學(xué)中發(fā)揮重要作用。
圍繞大學(xué)生跨文化交際能力的提高對(duì)教師提出的挑戰(zhàn)，采取出國培訓(xùn)、文化講。
